Processing the trauma of a near miss

Dozens of firefighters had a very close call on the Route Fire

Fire crews on the Route Fire entrapped
Fire crews on the Route Fire, 4:40 p.m. Sept. 11, 2021, five minutes before they were nearly entrapped. Photo by one of the firefighters.

Many of the firefighters on the Route Fire who escaped from what was close to becoming a mass casualty incident on September 11, 2021 no doubt had stress levels that were very high as it was happening, and possibly for days, weeks, or months later.

As we covered in an article on December 11, dozens of firefighters on the fire north of Los Angeles suddenly found themselves on a road with fire on all sides of them. Even though it occurred three months ago the story had not been publicly told, until yesterday. As flames closed in on them, a Captain on a US Forest Service engine took charge and organized an effort for 13 firefighters on foot with no access to their regular transportation, to take refuge in two USFS Type 3 engines, each already carrying their normal complement of 5 firefighters. Almost unbelievably, 7 crammed into one engine and 6 got in another. There were a total of 23 bodies in the two engines. Then with flames on both sides of the road, they drove through smoke to safety. Two firefighters were treated in a hospital burn unit and released.

It could have been much worse. One person thought he was going to die.

“The more experienced firefighters were more shaken up than the new guys,” a firefighter told Wildfire Today. “Firefighters on the outside looking in were pretty shaken up, but as best as I can tell I think we are all doing good.”

One person said that as they were becoming entrapped and during the escape from the nearby flames he realized later that he does not have a complete memory of the event, “My memory blacked out from time to time…It’s psychology I don’t fully understand.”

Today I found a reference by Mike Degrosky to an article in the Harvard Business Review written by Diane Musho Hamilton that might shed some light on the topic. Interestingly, at the top of the article is an old photo of a P3 air tanker dropping retardant, even though the word “fire” is not mentioned anywhere in the piece. It starts with describing the two amygdala in the brain which were characterized by Dr. Bessel Van Der Kolk, in his book The Body Keeps the Score, as the brain’s “smoke detector.” (Which may be the genesis for the photo of the air tanker.) The amygdala’s job is to detect fear and help the body prepare for an emergency response.

Here is an excerpt:

“…When we perceive a threat, the amygdala sounds an alarm, releasing a cascade of chemicals in the body. Stress hormones like adrenaline and cortisol flood our system, immediately preparing us for fight or flight. When this deeply instinctive function takes over, we call it what Daniel Goleman coined in Emotional Intelligence as “amygdala hijack.” In common psychological parlance we say, “We’ve been triggered.” We notice immediate changes like an increased heart rate or sweaty palms. Our breathing becomes more shallow and rapid as we take in more oxygen, preparing to bolt if we have to.

“The flood of stress hormones create other sensations like a quivering in our solar plexus, limbs, or our voice. We may notice heat flush our face, our throat constrict, or the back of our neck tighten and jaw set. We are in the grip of a highly efficient, but prehistoric set of physiological responses. These sensations are not exactly pleasant — they’re not meant for relaxation. They’re designed to move us to action.

“The active amygdala also immediately shuts down the neural pathway to our prefrontal cortex so we can become disoriented in a heated conversation. Complex decision-making disappears, as does our access to multiple perspectives. As our attention narrows, we find ourselves trapped in the one perspective that makes us feel the most safe: “I’m right and you’re wrong,” even though we ordinarily see more perspectives.

“And if that wasn’t enough, our memory becomes untrustworthy. Have you ever been in a fight with your partner or friend, and you literally can’t remember a positive thing about them? It’s as though the brain drops the memory function altogether in an effort to survive the threat. When our memory is compromised like this, we can’t recall something from the past that might help us calm down. In fact, we can’t remember much of anything. Instead, we’re simply filled with the flashing red light of the amygdala indicating “Danger, react. Danger, protect. Danger, attack.”

“In the throes of amygdala hijack, we can’t choose how we want to react because the old protective mechanism in the nervous system does it for us — even before we glimpse that there could be a choice.  It is ridiculous.”

The first large fire I was on, with El Cariso Hotshots, we had a near miss in Washington state, and had to escape uphill. It was a long, steep, hike out of a canyon with spot fires igniting around us. At the time I was not too concerned, in part because our Superintendent, Ron Campbell, seemed calm, as did the more experienced crew members. I was a sawyer and when another firefighter asked if I needed relief carrying the saw, I was too proud to give it up, and kept it. If I had known the true gravity of our situation I probably would have accepted his offer. As a rookie, I did not appreciate at the time how dangerous the incident was.

Five years later our Laguna Hotshot crew was directed to walk downhill on a partially completed fireline and extend it further. Two other crews were ahead of us. We only got a fairly short distance down the line when all of us were ordered out. We hiked back up to safety with no problem and later the fire ran uphill. After five years on a hotshot crew I didn’t really think too much about it, since to me it did not fall into the near miss category. It can be fairly routine to pull back when it becomes obvious nothing worthwhile can be accomplished or that it can become unsafe. However several days later after we had returned from the fire, one of the rookies quit, citing the event as the reason.

It can be impossible to predict how rookies or experienced firefighters will react to a terrifying narrow escape. It might be life-altering in a negative way, or something that is dealt with, and put away in the “slide file” of experiences to help make better, more informed decisions down the road.

I hope the firefighters on the Route Fire who were nearly entrapped, and those who witnessed it through smoke from a distance, are able to receive counseling if needed and can process what happened September 11, 2021. It’s the kind of traumatic event that can stick with a person and everyone is impacted differently.

As Sgt. Phil Esterhaus used to tell his Hill Street Blues cops as they left the briefing to begin their shift, “Hey. Let’s be careful out there.”

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Author: Bill Gabbert

After working full time in wildland fire for 33 years, he continues to learn, and strives to be a Student of Fire.

14 thoughts on “Processing the trauma of a near miss”

  1. Cibola NF Coffee Pot NM
    https://www.nwcg.gov/sites/default/files/safety-gram/rmc-sg-1994.pdf

    https://www.wildfirelessons.net/orphans/viewincident?DocumentKey=8c65bee2-8fc4-4f07-b941-9ec709a30a34

    This is when I lost all trust in the USFS to complete honest and accurate reports, it was a complete sham….nearly 30 year later and I am still bothered by it…….I have since come around, I believe we have done better with our reports to be sure…..

    A lot went wrong on this fire and it’s a miracle that no one died, we could have easily had a death toll in the 10’s ands 20’s, this is when I got religion…..for real…….

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    1. Ahhh

      Looking at my old records 1992

      But after reading your reports I can understand the sentiments. Trauma from nears misses ought to have been identified since 1903. Takes about 118 years for an organization, an HRO, as they like to call it, to IDENTIFY these issues and finally admit these issues as well as many others, if ya get my drift….

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  2. Two dozer operators and I had an experience that we considered a “close call” this last summer. It’s extremely hard to portray the severity of the experience to those who were not directly involved, with the exception of Div. actual. Doubly as hard to have very experienced operators coming up to you afterwards shaken. You really come to learn who you are, quickly, when you have to make the decision to run or stay with your resources in a situation where legs clearly have an advantage. As the excerpt implies, its not as easy as it sounds.

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  3. And investigation should be done. More details need to be known. Though I wasent there to me it looks like possibly no spotters or lookouts, not paying attention to what fuels were along road and wind conditions and waited to long to long to pull out.
    In late 80’s we were backing burning along road and things blew up. Our boss ordered everyone out when we started having to many spit fires on opposite side of road. We unhooked hoses from engines, had hand crews jumping on outside of our engine and we retreated before things got out of hand like the Route fire.

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  4. Thanks for the quick follow-up after the video, Bill. I agree with old DRHS and Kirk’s replies. We need to know what happened to create the situation, so a near-miss could possibly save lives on another fire.

    In the early 80’s my engine and crew were on a strike team at night as one of five engines, being directed by the STL into a very smoky, narrowing canyon with no room to turn around quickly. No good idea where the fire was. I’d already decided there was no good reason to be there. Experience was causing hairs on the back of my neck to stand-up, and “time to go” was getting louder. I’d already told my driver to keep checking for any good turn-arounds, and be sure your fire shelters are ready. Perfect timing when a supervisor not on the ST told the leader not to proceed, and withdraw. The entire area later burned-over.

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  5. Please keep us up to date. Specifically I would like to see an investigation. This was a serious near miss. Lessons can only be learned if the story is told.

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  6. Thanks for the info. It is always good to hear and think about those situations, so that we all can learn and make informed decisions about, should something similar occur again.

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  7. I believe that near misses fall into different categories, for example, the branch that falls out of a tree that nearly hits someone, it happens in a split second and then it’s over, you barely have time to process what just occurred…..whew…..that was close.
    And then there are the near misses that take time to develop, you see it developing over time, you process the danger your mind takes over and real fear sets in, the kind of fear that changes you in an instant and really forever, we all process things differently, when I was a kid on a shot crew most of the time I did not know enough to be scared, I just followed my leader, until the Long Tom Complex in 85, my first experience with real fear and a few other times over the course of my career, we humans to not get over this stuff very easy, some will never be over it.
    We need to do more to help folks that experience this kind of trauma. I was on the Coffee Pot fire in 94, that was a very traumatic fire for a great many folks and we did not receive the kind of care we needed….the days of sucking it up and pushing on need to be put to bed…..
    Thank Bill….Well done!

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      1. I’ve only meet one person who ever mentioned those two fires. Long Tom and Coffee Pot. The later would have been on the edge of the Apachie Kid wilderness Outside of Magdelena, NM.

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  8. I feel for these firefighters. But the near miss happens way more than they would like it known. Four seasons, 1 engine and 3 shots.

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